Unde, M. P., Patil, R. U., & Dastoor, P. P. (2018). The Untold Story of Fluoridation: Revisiting the Changing Perspectives. Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 22(3), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_124_18
This article exanmines the need for water fluoridation. Historically, fluoride was added to drinking water in the US fto impove dental hygeine. The levels of fluoride within the water are monitored and generally contain a safe 1 part per million. However, fluorinated water is also used in producing foods and beverages, leading to uncontrolled amounts of fluoride being ingested. Thus, some people may have higher levels of fluoride than the "safe" amount. In less developed countries, extremely high levels of fluoride (over 1.5 ppm) in the water has been hazardous to their populations. Approximately 62 million of India's population suffer from dental, skeletal, and nonskeletal fluorosis.
Xu, K., An, N., Huang, H. et al. (2020). Fluoride exposure and intelligence in school-age children: evidence from different windows of exposure susceptibility. BMC Public Health 20, 1657. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09765-4
This article reports on the associations between high levels of fluoride exposure and children's inteliigence. The study finds that children exposed to excessive amount of fluoride during prenatal development result in lower IQ scores, limiting the development of excellent intelligent levels as evaluated by the Combined Raven's Test for IQ.
Hicks, J. (2019). Pipe dreams: America's fluoride controversy. Retrieved February 06, 2021, from https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/pipe-dreams-americas-fluoride-controversy
This article provides a historical account of the initiation and subsequent battle over water fluoridation in the US. It identifies that proponents of fluoridation believe it is safe. Whereas opponents voice concerns that it was original used as a rat poison, and flouride builds up in the body leading to skeletal fluorosis and other bodily harm.
***Side note: H.V. Churchill (Chief Chemist of the local Aluminum Mining Com.) exhonerated his company from the blame of black, mottled teeth when he "discovered" high concentrations of Fluoride in the drinking water with his advanced diagnostic tools. Isn't that convenient?***
Saxena, S., Sahay, A., & Goel, P. (2012). Effect of fluoride exposure on the intelligence of school children in Madhya Pradesh, India. Journal of neurosciences in rural practice, 3(2), 144–149. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.98213
This study examines the association between fluoride levels in drinking water and IQ scores among 12-year-old children in Madhya Pradesh, India. The areas assessed contained fluoride concentration levels ranging from less than 1.5 PPM to greater than 4.5 PPM. The authors concluded that children residing in areas of higher fluoride levels have a greater chance of less developed intelligence than areas with less fluoride.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2013). Toxicological profile for fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp11.pdf
This toxicological profile provides an in-depth examination of fluoride properties and how it affects the human body. It identifies mediums of fluoride ingestion, safe levels of consumption, and potential health effects of excessive exposure.
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